Jackie Robinson :: essays research papers

Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier It’s April 15, 1947 opening day at Ebbets Field, Brooklyn. Many people have turned out to see one man, the first black person to ever play in major league baseball. He is setting new standards for all blacks now and those to come. His name is Jack Roosevelt Robinson. We all wish him well and hope he can surmount the racial differences. At this time it was unheard of to have a black person treated equally to a white person, more the less it was highly unlikely to have a black person play on the same field as a white person. But for one man who stands alone Jackie Robinson’s conquest to break through the color barrier with the help of Branch Rickey has set new standards for all black athlete’s to come. Jackie Robinson grew up in Cairo, Georgia. Jackie attended UCLA where he played baseball, basketball, football, and track. After collage Jackie enrolled in world war two. After the war Jackie got an honorable discharge. After the end of the war Jackie didn’t know what he wanted to do and he was very short on money. Finally Jackie decided he wanted to join the Negro Leagues. In 1944 Jackie officially was on a Negro baseball team.(Shorto,Russell p. 5-10) In 1945 Branch Rickey the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers was looking for a black player to break the serration barrier and rise above it all and join the Major League Baseball Association. Rickey said that whoever the person was to be would have to cope with taunts and insult, with name calling and abuse. Rickey heard of the success of Jackie on the Negro League and sent his scouts to see Jackie. (Ritter, S. Lawrence p. 43-51). After a long meeting with Rickey, Jackie agreed to join the Brooklyn organization. Rickey singed Robinson to a Minor League deal in 1945. Jackie’s biggest challenge would be to overcome racial issues sought toward him without acting out with everybody looking at him. Jackie had death threats, racial slur’s, and people wanting to seriously take him out of the game of baseball. (Rampersad Arnold p. 176) In 1947 Rickey called up Jackie to compete on a Major League level and take his career to a much higher level. When people heard of this, that Jackie was going to play on a Major League level players said that if Jackie was going to play they would strike, even some of Jackie’s teammates demanded to be traded

Externalities – Essay

An externalities Is â€Å"an external effect, often unforeseen or unintended, accompanying a process or activity†. In the time of the Industrial Revolution, externalities were not thought of at all. Particularly in the field of energy, the only cost considered was the cost of production. The detrimental effect of the dirty energy on the environment was not factored in and, until recently, has not been thought of at all. The cost paid for fuel at the pump basically includes two things: production cost and profit margin.There Is one huge cost that Is not factored In though which Is the money that It costs to support a falling environment. Energy Is probably the most prevalent case of negative externalities there is. Not just fossil fuels but also the second largest energy provider, nuclear power, has huge negative externalities attached. The recent events in Japan have shown how expensive these supposedly cheap energies can become. The damage done by the melt down of the nuclear reactor after the earth quake will undoubtedly cost the Japanese billions of dollars to repair. This is only part of the cost though.The money for medical care will result in large expenditures as well. Neither of these costs is as devastating as the loss of life caused by such accidents though. The death toll and lingering health effects on the inhabitants of the area should also be major factors considered in the cost of â€Å"cheap† energy. This Is not the first occurrence either. Coherency and Three Male Island demonstrate how these resources, however many safety regulations they have In place, can still suffer from catastrophic events. The difficulty encountered with this though is short sightedness among the consumer.They want cheaper prices at the gas pump, and don't realize that if there is an oil spill that their tax money is going to have to help clean it up, as well as the prices at the pump going up as the market compensates. So the reaction to disasters arguably levels out the cost of the Inexpensive fuels. For some reason it seems that there have been more cataclysmic events in recent years than the past. This cannot exactly be statistically proven but it is easy to infer. With the population expansion, the demand for energy will continue to rise.And without moving forward on cleaner energies, the inexpensive energy Industry will error the growth of the population. This paired with the possibility of more frequent natural disasters Is not good. The roll of negative externalities will grow and people will realize the implications once it is too late. It is time to start factoring externalities into the cost of energy. This will spur the growth of alternative energies and move towards a safer system. The idea that only the cost of production should be factored in to something as dangerous as nuclear power seems to De an I removed. AAA let over Trot e a e Tinny century, Ana need s to De

Healthy Eating Plan Comparison Essay

I have learned throughout this course thus far that an individual’s diet can have great impacts on how well their body is functioning both mentally and physically. The saying, â€Å"you are what we eat†, can now practically be proven, especially when considering that the foods that are being consumed into our body’s play a vital role to our energy, calorie, and nutrient needs. With that said, not all the foods that we choose to eat are said to be the right choices or even healthy for our bodies. In addition, this would be the main reason that eating a well balanced diet that includes variety, balance, and moderation are key to choosing a diet that promotes a longer and healthier life. Moreover, after providing a food intake diary, I was better able to understand my daily intake compared to the recommended daily allowances for my age, gender, weight, and height. After reviewing my daily food intakes for the first time I was better able to analyze what I eat and make more appropriate steps to improving my diet and meeting the daily recommendations for my calorie and nutrient intake needs. After implementing the information that I received from the food pyramid tracker, I made plans to meet my daily food pyramid recommendations where my diet was lacking. The following will provide a comparison of my diet before implementing changes, and a summary of what changes have been made in my diet. Also, an evaluation of my awareness of food choices will be covered. During the first week of class my eating habits as documented in the Food Diary Checkpoint, were considered poor in certain areas and were even lacking in the adequate amount of nutrients for a healthy and appropriate diet. In addition my eating habits that were documented were not meeting all of my daily food pyramid recommendations as well as lacking considerably in milk intake, fruit intake, and vegetable intake. Since the first week of class my nutritional habits have made some small changes, including some improvements. The following provides a brief overview of my daily intakes during the first week of class with the food pyramid recommendations compared to my current daily intakes with the implemented diet changes: Week 1 Week 7 (changes in diet) * Milk intake: 0. cup Milk intake: 3 cups * Food pyramid recommendation: 3 cups Food pyramid recommendation: 3 cups * * Meat and beans intake: 4. 5 oz Meat and beans intake: 5. 5 oz * Food pyramid recommendation: 5. 5 oz Food pyramid recommendation: 5. 5oz * * Vegetables intake: 0. 4 cup Vegetables intake: 2. 4 cup * Food pyramid recommendation: 2. 5 cup Food pyramid recommendation: 2. 5 cup * * Fruits intake: 0 cup Fruits intake: 2 cup * Food pyramid recommendation: 2 cup Food pyramid recommendation: 2 cup * * Grains intake: 5. 9 oz Grains intake: 5. 9 oz * Food pyramid recommendation: 6oz Food pyramid recommendation: 6oz Before making any changes to my regular diet, I was not receiving the adequate amount of nutrients from my milk intake and lacking a total of 2. 9 cups daily. Also I was lacking in the required fruits and vegetables intake considerably. After evaluating my diet, I planned to make some changes to improve these intake levels, so that my body could receive the nutrients it needs to stay healthy and alive. A few steps that I took to make these changes in my diet was first documenting what I eat daily and also adding the recommended amounts from each food group into my daily meals. I accomplished this by measuring out my servings, and by adding a more variety and nutrient dense meal plan. Some examples would include a variety of fruits during breakfast to increase my fruit intake, a variety of nutrient-dense vegetables during dinner time to increase my vegetable intake. And to increase my milk intake I chose to add more milk products in my diet to acquire three total cups daily, these types of foods would include cheese, yogurts, and milk. Another few changes I made in my diet were drinking more water during meals to increase my diets water intake and decrease my diets sugar intake. Another change to my diet resulted from increasing my milk intake, vegetable intake, and fruit intake is an increase in calcium and other nutrients and minerals needed to keep my body functioning healthy. For example, accordingly the the pyramid tracker website, has shown a significant increase in my calorie intake and it is closer to the recommended calorie intake of 2000/day for my body type and energy needs. Also my protein levels have been increased and my assessment for protein is no longer at a low status, but likely adequate. After implementing these changes in my diet I definitely feel healthier both physically and mentally. Some things that I am more aware of now when making food choices would be whether or not I am receiving the recommended servings of each food group marked in the food guide pyramid. Additionally, I am a lot more knowledgeable and aware of the health effects that result in making bad food choices, which motivates me to promote a healthier life style. For instance, the diseases related to poor food choices, and also the damage done to your body as a result of lack of physical exercise and lack of a well balanced diet that includes variety, moderation, and balance can not only lead to many unwanted diseases but also can be life threatening. In conclusion, I have accurately accomplished meeting all of my dietary allowances according to the food guide pyramid recommendations, by making changes to my diet and by choosing more nutrient dense foods with variety and moderation. Moreover, being aware of the types of foods that should be included and increased in my diet as helped me to plan meals that are well balanced and has also made the much needed improvements to my diet by reaching the appropriate amount in each food group. The following has also provided some changes seen in my diet referenced from the food diary checkpoint and the my-pyramid tracker including a comparison of my week one food intake and current. Included with this comparison was my evaluation on my diet changes and how my awareness when making food choices has allowed for me to provide not only myself, but my family with a more healthier life style.

buy custom Latin America and the Enlightenment essay

buy custom Latin America and the Enlightenment essay This is a historic book that was initially written in 1942, but due to a lot of its contents demand and the other important things, it had to be rewritten again to quench its demand. Therefore, Arthur Whitaker took that responsibilities and incorporated several other historical concepts that are related to the Latin Americans. It must be emphasized that the new edition is deeper and covers a wide range of topics and concepts related to the Latin American history. It covers the period from the colonial days, when the Europeans dominated, to the current times, when technology is strongly embraced in America. Hence, the ultimate aim of this context is to examine the content of the book, analyze it, and issue the authors credentials concerning the book. It also evaluates the knowledge contributed by the book to the readers where it provides the advantages and the importance of its role in American history. This paper also compares this book and the other books that talk about similar iss ue as well as specify the target audience of the book. Review of the Book and Authors Credentials Latin America and the Enlightenment is the second edition of the original work which Arthur Whitaker published in 1969. The book covers several important concepts in the history of the Latin Americans beginning from the ancient times when the European colonials dominated the country (Whitaker 289). These people were too strong to be defeated because they were the first who initiated technology and had the powerful tools to shutter the Americans. The book provides a well and precise description of how the Latin Americans acquired independence and how they began to organize themselves and to develop the country (Bradford 102). Its development, however, was somehow slow because the knowledge of the Europeans had blinded their visions. Nevertheless, the period of the 18th century represents the period of the progression in America and the beginning of Enlightenment. Moreover, it was the time when they began to initiate their own scheme and to run their own government. From there, several developments were noted in the nation, although the Latin Americans seemed to be inferior from the other groups of the white Americans. This history is signficant and has to be very valuable to the Latin Americans who should be aware of their foundations. Contribution to Knowledge Latin America and the Enlightenment is a very important book in the society with a lot of knowledge to impact its readers. The book was keenly written and impacted maximum knowledge predominantly in the sense that when an individual reads it, he or she is able to comprehend the history of Americas right from the colonial to the technological times (Whitaker 333). It provides a critical description of what happened during the fight for independence and the eventual moment of independence. It clearly highlights how technology was incorporated in America as well as how important inventions were initiated. It talks about how computers were advanced to become multitasking and help in inventing the other significant things like airplanes. That was the time when the significant machines were also invented among them being the industrial production machines, the hospital surgical machines and several others (Bradford 108). Therefore, this book is full of knowledge and is able to enlighten th e reader. In order to comprehend the American history, one has to read it repeatedly as it is very interesting. Its influence is what made people push the book to be edited to cover the rest of history that occurred after 1942 when the original work was done (Whitaker 323). If it was not crucial and knowledgeable, the demand for the second edition could not be there. Comparisons with the Other Works There is no doubt that Latin America and the Enlightenment is the best book that covers all concepts of the Latin American history. For example, the book was done in essays form where each essay contains different historical concepts. Besides, the book has provided the room for essays written by the other individuals; thus, it acts as an umbrella of the Latin Americas history (Bradford 129). These concepts and techniques are not observed in a book like Latin American History written by Barnes and Noble. It should be noted that the Latin American History is also a good historical book but it does not go as deep into the history as Latin America and the Enlightenment did. Morreover, when Latin America and the Enlightenment is compared to another book like The Penguin History of Latin America by Edwin Williamson, it still becomes vital and the best because Williamson covered the history comprehensible where he only touched on some issues and never went deep into details. For example, th e concept of Latin American culture is not deeply outlined; he only touched on it as his objective was to incorporate the culture to his themes. However, the Latin America and the Enlightenment talks about the types of Latin Americans food, clothing they used to wear, their traditional political and warrior songs songs (Whitaker 456). Therefore, this book is superb and deserves to be demanded by the Latin Americans because it is the only complete source of their history. The Intended Audience The indented audience for this book is generally all the Latin Americans and historians from all over the world. The audience may also be the scholars studying history from the different perspectives who must also cover the Latin American history. There is no doubt that all the Latin Americans who are literate and love their background must go through this book to be familiar with what happened in the ancient times. Historians must read this book so that they have a wide view of different people histories in the world. For example, a historian in Europe must comprehend all the nations they colonized and view the different forms used in different nations. They cannot fail to cover the Latin American history because it is one of the best histories in the world. Therefore, historians are not exceptions when it comes to the audiences selection of the book. Moreover, all the history students particularly in the United States of America cannot miss to read this book because it is the backg round of their studies. There is no way that the American history can be ignored in its own country. Besides, all the history assignments and exams in the United States must test the concepts of the Latin Americans proving that the history students in the United States must read the book. In fact, it is not optional; it is an obligation that they read it because if they do not, they will definitely fail their exams as all the tests include the Latin American history. Buy custom Latin America and the Enlightenment essay

Cost to Taxpayers for Use of Government-Owned Airplanes

Cost to Taxpayers for Use of Government-Owned Airplanes The President of the United States and the Vice President are not the only non-military U.S. government officials who regularly fly on aircraft (Air Force One and Two) owned and operated by the U.S. government at the cost of taxpayers. The U.S. Attorney General and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) not only fly - for business and pleasure on aircraft owned and operated by the Department of Justice; they are required to do so by executive branch policy. Background: The Justice Department Air Force According to a recent report released by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Department of Justice (DOJ) owns, leases and operates a fleet of airplanes and helicopters used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the United States Marshals Service (USMS). While many of the DOJs aircraft, including a growing number of unmanned drones, are used for counterterrorism and criminal surveillance, drug smuggling interdiction, and transporting prisoners, other aircraft are used to transport certain executives of the various DOJ agencies for official and personal travel. According to the GAO, the U.S. Marshals Service currently operates 12 aircraft primarily for air surveillance and prisoner transportThe FBI primarily uses its aircraft for mission operations but also operates a small fleet of large-cabin, long-range business jets, including two Gulfstream Vs, for both mission and nonmission travel. These aircraft possess long-range capabilities that enable FBI to conduct long-distance domestic and international flights without the need to stop for refueling. According to the FBI, the DOJ rarely authorizes the use of the Gulfstream Vs for nonmission travel, except for travel by the Attorney General and FBI Director. Who Flies and Why? Travel aboard the DOJs aircraft can be for mission-required purposes or for nonmission purposes - personal travel.Requirements for the use of government aircraft by the federal agencies for travel are established and enforced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the General Services Administration (GSA). Under these requirements, most agency personnel who make personal, nonmission, flights on government aircraft must reimburse the government for the use of the aircraft. But Two Executives Can Always Use Government Aircraft According to the GAO, two DOJ executives, the U.S. Attorney General and the FBI Director, are designated by the President of the United States as required use travelers, meaning they are authorized to travel aboard DOJ or other government aircraft regardless of their trip purpose, including personal travel.Why? Even when they travel for personal reasons, the Attorney General seventh in the line of presidential succession and the FBI Director are required to have special protective services and secure communications while in flight. The presence of top-level government executives and their security details on regular commercial aircraft would be disruptive and increase the potential risk to other passengers.However, DOJ officials told the GAO that until 2011, the FBI Director, unlike the Attorney General, was allowed the discretion to use commercial air service for his personal travel.The Attorney General and the FBI Director are required to reimburse the government for any travel m ade aboard government aircraft for personal or political reasons. Other agencies are allowed to designate required use travelers on a trip-by-trip basis. How Much Does It Cost Taxpayers? The GAOs investigation found that from fiscal years 2007 through 2011, three U.S. Attorneys General Alberto Gonzales, Michael Mukasey and Eric Holder - and FBI Director Robert Mueller made 95% (659 out of 697 flights) of all Department of Justice nonmission-related flights aboard government aircraft at a total cost of $11.4 million.Specifically, notes the GAO, the AG and FBI Director collectively took 74 percent (490 out of 659) of all of their flights for business purposes, such as conferences, meetings, and field office visits; 24 percent (158 out of 659) for personal reasons; and 2 percent (11 out of 659) for a combination of business and personal reasons.According to the DOJ and FBI data reviewed by the GAO, the Attorneys General and the FBI Director fully reimbursed the government for flights made on government aircraft for personal reasons.Of the $11.4 million spent from 2007 through 2011, for flights taken by the Attorneys General and FBI Director, $1.5 million was spent to r elocate the aircraft they used from a secret location to Ronald Reagan National Airport and back. The FBI also uses the unmarked, covert airport to initiate sensitive operations.Except for travel by the Attorney General and the FBI Director, GSA regulations provide that taxpayers should pay no more than necessary for transportation and that travel on government aircraft may be authorized only when a government aircraft is the most cost effective mode of travel, noted the GAO. In general, the agencies are required to book air travel on more cost-effective commercial airlines whenever possible.In addition, the federal agencies are not allowed to consider personal preference or convenience when considering alternative modes of travel. The regulations allow the agencies to use government aircraft for non-mission purposes only when no commercial airline can fulfill the agencys scheduling demands, or when the actual cost of using a government aircraft is the same as or less than the cost of flying on a commercial airline. How Many Airplanes do the Federal Agencies Own? In July 2016, the Government Accountability Office reported that 11 non-military executive branch federal agencies owned 924 aircraft, excluding those that are loaned, leased, or otherwise provided to other entities. The inventory of aircraft included: 495 fixed-wing airplanes,414 helicopters,14 unmanned aircraft systems (drones), and1 glider. The Department of State owned the most aircraft (248), making it the federal government’s largest non-military aviation fleet. The combined 11 agencies reported spending approximately $661 million to use and maintain their owned aircraft in fiscal year 2015. Besides basic transportation, the aircraft are used for a variety of purposes, including law enforcement, scientific research, and firefighting.

Finding a Paying Market in Homeschoolers

Finding a Paying Market in Homeschoolers Most writers are always on the lookout for ways to earn a little extra cash with their craft. One of those ways kind of fell into my lap, and I face-palmed myself for not thinking about it before. A friend asked if I would teach a writing class at her homeschool co-op. I homeschooled my own children for 18 years, and it never occurred to me to offer my knowledge to other homeschoolers. Here are a few things you need to know to break into a local homeschool group. ==They plan classes for the following year in January. September of one year isn’t too early to approach them with your class ideas for the next year. ==Co-ops have wish lists to include their course needs and requests from parents. Many of those wishes go above and beyond what most homeschooling curriculums offer. For example, most parents teach grammar at home, but can’t teach their children how to write a novel. Perhaps a journalism class, with a bimonthly printed newspaper, would be a good addition to the co-op’s class list, or teaching a freelancing class where students could actually submit stories and articles to magazines that accept writing from kids. theclaremontreview.ca/#!writing-submissions/c1bm7 http://kidspiritonline.com/help/ newmoon.com/content/?id=1006type=1 http://polyphonyhs.com/submit/ skippingstones.org/submissions.htm stonesoup.com/stone-soup-contributor-guideline/ teenink.com/Submissions/guidelines.php) ==Offer different ideas, reaching different age groups. While they may already offer a journalism class for high school age students, maybe teaching elementary students how to write and illustrate a picture book would complement the co-op’s needs. Many groups use IEW for creative writing classes. You can find out more about that curriculum at their website (http://iew.com). Study it and come up with an idea that is different, a need that isn’t already met. ==Write course descriptions and be specific. You don’t necessarily have to have your lessons planned out for the entire year, but you do need to know, and be able to communicate, what your plans are for the class. Create a syllabus to give students at the beginning of the year. ==Some parents want grades for their children to add to transcripts. Depending on what the parents are doing at home with their children, they may need you to grade, even if it just a pass/fail type of grade. Talk with the homeschool co-op to see what they require. ==Some co-ops will allow you to charge an extra fee for printing or supply costs. For example, when teaching a picture book class, you may need fancy paper, markers, stencils, and other art supplies for the children to use. This is a one-time fee for the year that allows you to purchase what is necessary for the benefit of the class. ==Expect a wide range in class number. You may only end up with a few students or up to as many as twenty, depending on the size of the co-op, scheduling conflicts, or simply the number of students interested in taking your class. ==Don’t be surprised if they require a background check. After all, you are working with their children. Teaching writing to homeschool students can be fun and exciting as well as profitable. To find a homeschool co-op in your area, visit http://a2zhomeschooling.com/regional/regional_worldwide_homeschooling/ or home-school.com/groups/ for list

People V. Lavalle (NYS Dealth Penalty) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People V. Lavalle (NYS Dealth Penalty) - Essay Example d to death but he filed an appeal before the New York Court of Appeals and argued that in view of deadlock instructions of the state, the death penalty was not valid as per Article 1, Section 6 of the state’s constitution. The New York Appeals Court held that section 400.27(10) of New York’s Criminal Procedural Law was not constitutional. The New York Court of Appeals gave this ruling because of contradictions arising from the situation that the sentencing judge had the authority to decide amongst two options. The sentencing judge could impose death penalty or life imprisonment without parole. If the decision amongst the jury became deadlocked the judge was required to convict the offender to 20 - 25 years life imprisonment with parole. LaValle argued that because this third option was less severe relative to the other two, judges were pressurized to reach a consensus although some were not in agreement for the death penalty. Because the state’s deadlock instruct ions are unique there is no immediate impact on the death penalty in other states. But the case reveals how judges are pressurized whereby they are forced to impose the death penalty (Heller, 2008). The decision of the New York Court of Appeals presented the state legislature options to reinstate the death penalty or reinstate the death penalty in a modified way. The legislature decided to make a review of the state’s death penalty statutes by seeking wide ranging opinions from the public. From the wide ranging comments and opinions received from several reputed people and law experts concerns became apparent about the impending legislative changes. It was argued that legislation giving judges only two options by way of death penalty and life imprisonment without parole would not be constitutionally valid because prosecutors would seek elimination of parole possibilities by putting a death notice before the judges (Lentol et al., 2005). The New York State legislature could have redrafted the death